Abstract Soil loss depends on natural and anthropic factors with high spatial and temporal variability, and can be inferred by predictive models such as the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). In this sense, the objective of this work is to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution and variation of soil losses in the state of Goiás for the years 1985, 2000 and 2018, based on the application of RUSLE and using the drainage basin as a multiscale unit of analysis. The results generally show that there has been an increase in the average loss of soils in the state between the observed years with the average in 1985 being 2.4 ton.ha-1.year-1, growing to 10.8 ton.ha-1.year-1 in 2000, and 11.56 ton.ha-1.year-1 in 2018. The hydrographic regions of Tocantins and Paraná presented the highest losses. In addition to the general control of the Cerrado conversion expansion, the state of Goiás presents two spatial soil loss patterns; one in which the control of natural factors predominates, being linked to morphogenetic aspects with a strong influence of the topographic factor; and the other being rain erosivity, spatialized in areas such as the “front” of Cuesta Caiapó, Serra Dourada and Serra dos Pireneus. When associated, these two factors define sensitive areas with the highest soil losses in the state of Goiás.

Resumo A perda de solos depende de fatores naturais e antrópicos com elevada variabilidade espacial e temporal que podem ser inferidos por modelos de predição como a Equação Universal de Perda de Solos Revisada (EUPS-M). Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a distribuição e a variação espaço-temporais das perdas de solo no estado de Goiás para os anos de 1985, 2000 e 2018, a partir da aplicação da EUPS-M, tendo a bacia hidrográfica como unidade de análise multiescalar. Os resultados demonstram que, em geral, há o aumento na perda média de solos no estado entre os anos observados, sendo que, em 1985 a média foi 2,4 ton.ha-1.ano-1, crescendo para 10,8 ton.ha-1.ano-1 no ano de 2000 e 11,56 ton.ha-1.ano-1 em 2018. As regiões hidrográficas do Tocantins e do Paraná são as que apresentam maiores perdas. Para além do controle geral da expansão da conversão dos Cerrados, o estado de Goiás apresenta dois padrões espaciais de perda de solos, um no qual predomina o controle dos fatores naturais, ligados aos aspectos morfogenéticos com forte influência do fator topográfico e o outro da erosividade das chuvas, espacializadas em áreas como o “front” da cuesta Caiapó, a Serra Dourada e a Serra dos Pireneus. Esses dois fatores, quando associados definem áreas sensíveis, com as maiores perdas de solo do estado de Goiás.

Abstract Unidades de Conservação - UC (type of Brazilian protected area) corresponds to approximately 18% of the national continental area, resulting from the integration of pressures from organized civil society materialized in public policies, whose selection criteria and distribution have varied over time. By observing the location of these protected areas, issues related to their relevance and Cerrado heterogeneity representativeness are of considerable importance for the conservation of life, since they make it possible to understand this Biome’s current situation, perspectives, and challenges for its conservation. Therefore, the objective here is to evaluate the spatial distribution of UC in the Cerrado from the temporal evolution of new units’ creation, in administrative spheres and categories, with a period starting in 1949, the year of the first UC creation in the Cerrado, until the end of 2010. The methodological procedures adopted consisted of a bibliographic survey, secondary databases consultation and data processing in a GIS environment. The results show that the distribution of UC is not regular in either space or time. In addition, many units correspond to isolated fragments of vegetation, with no connection to other areas and/or are of smaller dimensions, making it difficult to maintain the ecosystems present in them. In the national scenario, the Cerrado stands out in relation to the number and area of protected ones, which reinforces its important role in Brazilian conservation policies.

Resumo As Unidades de Conservação (UC) correspondem a aproximadamente 18% da área continental nacional, resultantes da integração entre pressões da sociedade civil organizada materializadas em políticas públicas, cujos critérios de seleção e distribuição variaram ao longo do tempo. Ao se observar a localização dessas áreas protegidas, questões relacionadas a sua relevância e representatividade da heterogeneidade do Cerrado têm considerável importância para conservação da vida, uma vez que possibilitam a compreensão da situação atual desse Bioma, perspectivas e desafios para sua conservação. Logo, objetiva-se aqui avaliar a distribuição espacial das UC presentes no Cerrado a partir da evolução temporal da criação de novas unidades, esferas administrativas e categorias, com recorte temporal a partir de 1949, ano de criação da primeira UC no Cerrado, até o final dos anos 2010. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados consistiram em levantamento bibliográfico, consulta às bases de dados secundários e processamento de dados em ambiente SIG. Os resultados demonstram que a distribuição das UC não é regular nem no espaço nem no tempo. Além disso, muitas unidades correspondem a fragmentos isolados de vegetação, sem conexão com outras áreas e/ou são de dimensões reduzidas, o que dificulta a manutenção dos ecossistemas nelas presentes. No cenário nacional o Cerrado tem destaque em relação ao número e área de UC, tanto de proteção integral como de uso sustentável, o que reforça seu importante papel nas políticas de conservação brasileiras.

Abstract The southern region of the Amazon stands out for the growing agricultural development and installation of large hydroelectric projects. Given this scenario, the objective of this study was to quantify the Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs), Permanent Preservation Areas, of the water bodies of the Teles Pires river basin according to the current legislation, checking whether there is conflict regarding the use and occupation of these areas, and then check for the occurrence of degradation and identify the environmental fragility of the area. Using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), the water bodies located in the study area were delineated and the APPs were delimited according to Law 12,651/2012. To identify the existence of conflicts within these areas, a map of land use and occupation was generated through Maximum Likelihood supervised classification, which was compared with the limits of the APPs, considering conflict areas whose land use is related to anthropic activities. Lastly, the potential and emerging fragility of the area were calculated, considering data of the slope, soil type and land cover/land use. The delimited APP comprised 3.96% of the total area of the basin and it showed a state of low degradation, with 83.83% of the area conserved under native vegetation cover and 15.93% showing conflicting type of use, with the occupation by pastures standing out, and among the APP categories mapped the headwaters were the most impacted. The spatialization of conflicts within the basin indicated that it has a very different conservation pattern, with the most critical areas concentrated in the center-east, where municipalities that have more than 40% of the APP occupied by anthropic activities are located. The north of the basin has areas with higher potential fragility, which is attenuated by the great soil protection.

Abstract Maputo - the Mozambican capital - has expanded itself vertiginously in the midst of the late independence process (1975). Its population has been multiplied about twelve times during the decades from 1950 to 2020, reaching more than 1.1 million inhabitants. The political, commercial, and financial center of the country, the urban fabric of the capital is the stage for complex processes of economic growth and spatial segregation triggered in recent decades. The central region, known locally as the "cement city", concentrates on modern and widely diversified infrastructures. Squares and parks, luxury condos surrounded by modern offices, international standard hotels, shopping, and a set of pharaonic constructions - built at a cost of billions - set the landscape tone of progress induced and concentrated in favor of a small elite. However, beyond this "stronghold", around 92% of the population lives in the peripheral part of Maputo, popularly known as the "reed city". These, however, are located in very precarious housing, produced informally by the residents themselves, and subjected to the complete absence of infrastructure and public services. These issues contribute directly to the fact that Mozambique has the ninth-worst Human Development Index (HDI) on the planet. In this way, the present article - elaborated from fieldwork, interdisciplinary discussions and dialogues undertaken within the scope of an international scientific project between universities in Brazil and Mozambique - seeks to present and interpret the set of urban connections that make Maputo a fragmented and complex city, full of continuous socio-territorial transformations in which multiple clashes emerge linked to segregation, gentrification, real estate speculation, among others.

Resumo Maputo - capital moçambicana - expandiu-se de forma vertiginosa em meio ao processo de independência tardia (1975). Sua população multiplicou cerca de doze vezes durante as décadas de 1950 à 2020, atingindo mais de 1,1 milhão de habitantes. Centro político, comercial e financeiro do país, o tecido urbano da capital é palco de complexos processos de crescimento econômico e segregação espacial desencadeados nas últimas décadas. A região central, nomeada localmente de “cidade de cimento”, concentra infraestruturas modernas e amplamente diversificadas. Praças e parques, condomínios de luxo cercados de modernos escritórios, hotéis de padrão internacional, shoppings e um conjunto de obras faraônicas - erguidas a cifras bilionárias - dão o tom paisagístico de um progresso induzido e concentrado em favor de uma pequena elite. Todavia, para além deste “reduto”, cerca de 92% da população habita a parcela periférica de Maputo, popularmente designada como “cidade de caniço”. Estes, por sua vez, encontram-se alocados em habitações muito precarizadas, produzidas de maneira informal pelos próprios moradores e, em muito, submetidos à ausência completa de infraestruturas e serviços públicos. Questões que contribuem diretamente para que Moçambique possua o nono pior Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) do planeta. Desta forma, o presente artigo - elaborado a partir de trabalhos de campo, discussões interdisciplinares e diálogos empreendidos no âmbito de projeto científico internacional entre universidades do Brasil e de Moçambique - busca apresentar e interpretar o conjunto de nexos urbanos que fazem de Maputo uma cidade fragmentada e complexa, repleta de contínuas transformações socioterritoriais em que emergem múltiplos embates vinculados à segregação, gentrificação, especulação imobiliária, dentre outros.

Abstract Anthropogenic interventions in the natural landscape became recurrent from the expansion of nuclei and population increase, causing the relationship established between human beings and nature to move away from the naturalist model and assume an interventionist premise. Among the various interferences in the natural environment, this work establishes a spatial cut in the urban river landscape changes, in particular, those caused by processes of rectification, canalization and plugging of urban rivers. The denaturalization and mischaracterization of this system means that the existence of urban rivers have been ignored, acquiring notoriety only when natural processes, intensified by human beings, cause damage or disaster to the population that usually occupies the floodplain areas. Thus, recognizing these changes and rescuing the relationship of belonging to this environment, which initially supported the formation of most urban centers, becomes essential for local landscape and urban planning. Based on this understanding, this study aimed to carry out a survey of the changes in the river landscape of the São João del-Rei city - Minas Gerais. For this purpose, the descriptive investigative method was used, which made possible the elaboration of a case study. The results obtained by the research indicate that the river landscape has been significantly altered, especially by rectifications, canalizations and plugging of urban rivers, which are presented in a historical context and related to the processes and dynamics of urban waters.

Resumo As intervenções antrópicas na paisagem natural tornaram-se recorrentes a partir da expansão dos núcleos e aumento populacional, fazendo com que a relação estabelecida entre o ser humano e a natureza se distanciasse do modelo naturalista e assumisse uma premissa intervencionista. Dentre as diversas interferências no meio natural, este trabalho estabelece um recorte espacial sobre as modificações na paisagem fluvial urbana, em particular, nas ocasionadas pelas retificações, canalizações e tamponamentos dos rios urbanos. A desnaturalização e descaracterização desse sistema faz com que a existência dos corpos hídricos seja ignorada, adquirindo notoriedade apenas quando processos de ordem natural, intensificados pelo ser humano, acarretam prejuízos ou desastres à população que, habitualmente, ocupa as áreas de várzea. Desse modo, reconhecer as referidas modificações e resgatar a relação de pertencimento com esse ambiente que, inicialmente, deu suporte à formação da maioria dos núcleos urbanos, torna-se essencial ao planejamento da paisagem local e ordenamento urbano. A partir desse entendimento, este estudo teve como objetivo efetuar um levantamento das modificações na paisagem fluvial da cidade de São João del-Rei - Minas Gerais. Para isso, foi empregado o método descritivo investigativo para a elaboração de um estudo de caso. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a paisagem fluvial da cidade em questão foi significativamente alterada, sobretudo por retificações, canalizações e tamponamento dos rios urbanos, os quais são apresentados em um contexto histórico e relacionados aos processos e a dinâmica das águas urbanas.

Abstract The appropriation and use of a hydrographic basin by society is a historical process, necessary and, above all, a generator of environmental problems that greatly alter the quality of water. One of the problems related to water quality is eutrophication. Many aquatic ecosystems have suffered from this problem, which consists of large inputs of Phosphorus and Nitrogen introduced into the riverbed, for example, through domestic and/or industrial effluents. This context of change in water quality by human action triggers the significant growth of phytoplanktonic and phytobenthic organisms, thus causing an imbalance in the dynamics of the aquatic ecosystem, as well as damage to society. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the Trophic State of the Paraíba do Meio River and understand the unfolding and influences of society's relationship with the river and how this relationship has contributed to the eutrophication process. The materials and methods were based on: data acquisition of chemical and physical parameters from campaigns carried out monthly during the hydrological year of 2013; flow and precipitation data; adequate sanitary sewage data; laboratory analyses; determination of the Trophic State Index by the TRIX Model. It was evidenced that due to the varied anthropic activities that occurred in the hydrographic basin in question, with the significant introduction of nutrients such as Phosphorus and Nitrogen in the river bed, during the hydrological year of 2013, the Paraíba do Meio river presented different stages of eutrophication that range from mesotrophic to eutrophic.

Resumo A apropriação e uso de uma bacia hidrográfica, pela sociedade, é um processo histórico, necessário e, sobretudo, gerador de problemas ambientais que alteram, sobremaneira, a qualidade da água. Um dos problemas relacionados à qualidade da água é a eutrofização. Muitos ecossistemas aquáticos tem padecido desse problema que consiste em grandes aportes de Fósforo e Nitrogênio introduzidos no leito de rios, por exemplo, por meio de efluentes domésticos e/ou industriais. Esse contexto de alteração da qualidade da água pela ação humana desencadeia o crescimento significativo de organismos fitoplanctônicos e fitobentônicos, provocando assim, um desequilíbrio na dinâmica do ecossistema aquático, bem como prejuízos também para a sociedade. Nesse contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o Estado Trófico do Rio Paraíba do Meio e compreender os desdobramentos e influências da relação da sociedade com o rio e como tal relação tem contribuído para o processo de eutrofização. Os materiais e métodos pautaram-se em: aquisição de dados de parâmetros químicos e físicos de campanhas realizadas mensalmente durante o ano hidrológico de 2013; dados de vazão e precipitação; dados de esgotamento sanitário adequado; análises laboratoriais; determinação do Índice de Estado Trófico pelo Modelo TRIX. Evidenciou-se que devido as variadas atividades antrópicas que ocorreram na bacia hidrográfica em questão, com a introdução significante de nutrientes como Fósforo e Nitrogênio no leito do rio, durante o ano hidrológico de 2013, o rio Paraíba do Meio apresentou diferentes estágios de eutrofização que variam do mesotrófico ao eutrófico.

Abstract Studying a watershed in the Amazon region requires understanding that this region has national and global relevance. The fact that the study area is located in the so-called arc of deforestation raises the need to understand its context, its vulnerabilities, and its physical, environmental, and anthropic components. This research assesses the environmental vulnerability of the Buriticupu River Watershed in Maranhão State, Brazil. The aim is to foster improvements that may contribute to environmental planning and, specifically, to water resource management. For this purpose, the authors used the Geographic Information System environment to work with Map Algebra, interrelating primary and secondary data on geology, relief, pedology, and land use and land cover to generate synthesis cartography. The results pointed to areas with predominantly medium vulnerability. However, the analyses highlight alluvial plains, which became the most fragile areas from an environmental point of view. This is mainly because these areas comprise water-saturated soils (gleysols), unconsolidated deposits of sand and silt (alluvial deposits), and extensive humid vegetation, characteristics of igapó and floodplain forests. This research generated a document that applies is applicable to the study area. It also provided, in a systemic and integrated way, a product that will help in planning, which is very important for the creation of a watershed committee, something necessary and still embryonic in Maranhão State, Brazil.

Resumo Pesquisar uma bacia hidrográfica na região Amazônica requer assimilar que esta apresenta uma relevância nacional e mundial, estando a área de estudo situada no chamado arco do desmatamento, eleva a necessidade de entender seu contexto, vulnerabilidades e componentes físicos, ambientais e antrópicos. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a vulnerabilidade ambiental da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Buriticupu/Maranhão, com vistas a fomentar melhorias que possam contribuir com o processo de planejamento ambiental e, especificamente, de recursos hídricos. Para tanto, utilizou-se o ambiente de Sistema de Informação Geográfica para trabalhar com a Álgebra de Mapas, interrelacionando dados primários e secundários sobre a geologia, relevo, pedologia e uso e cobertura da terra, para gerar uma cartografia de síntese. Os resultados apontaram áreas com predominância das classes médias de vulnerabilidade, entretanto, o destaque fica por conta das planícies aluviais, que se tornaram, nas análises, as áreas mais frágeis do ponto de vista ambiental, sobretudo por serem solos saturados em água (gleissolos), depósitos inconsolidados de areia e silte (depósitos aluvionares) e por exibirem extensas vegetações úmidas, características de matas de igapó e de várzea. Este estudo foi capaz de gerar um documento que seja aplicável à área de estudo, além de propiciar, de modo sistêmico e integrado, um produto que contribuirá para possíveis planejamentos, sobretudo para um futuro comitê de bacia hidrográfica, algo necessário e ainda embrionário do Maranhão..

Abstract Geomorphological studies are crucial for understanding the evolution of relief, and when associated with cartography, they enhance the interpretation and knowledge of environmental dynamics. Hence, historical cartography is essential for the documental rescue of landscapes, which, based on the mapped geoforms, enhances post-discovery studies for the state of Ceará, Brazil. Historically, this state was intermittently mapped in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries but gained greater attention from Portugal in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries after its separation from Pernambuco. Despite this, cartographic studies on coastal geoforms are not typical for the Ceará coast over a given period, highlighting the importance of this investigation. Therefore, this article aimed to study the environmental history of the coastal geoforms mapped on the extreme west coast of Ceará in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This research had a qualitative and exploratory basis, with cartographic documental surveys online and in loco, covering the municipalities of Jijoca de Jericoacoara, Camocim, and Barroquinha. Fifty maps of different origins were collected, three of which were used: a French sketch and two Portuguese maps. In the French material of 1615, geoforms in the Cape de la Tortue indicated the presence of a rocky island separated from the mainland. From the Portuguese map of 1629, a well-cut coastline was noted, identifying Buraco das Tartarugas, where there were two islands of different sizes. In the 1794 map, an island in the cove called Geri qua Coá was noted, differing in landscape from the previous ones, as it did not have tombolos connected to the continent. The cartographies presented particularities for revealing a possible advance in the local sea level. Thus, it is possible to motivate future research in the area of historical cartography as a tool for the analysis of the paleogeographic evolution of the coastal zones of Ceará.

Abstract This study investigated the intensity and spatial distribution of precipitation anomalies in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) during the 20th century by analyzing the influence of El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in its three phases. Reanalyzes from the University of Delaware (V5) were used. Precipitation anomalies were divided into three zones (Campaign, Plateau, Coast) to investigate possible differences in precipitation under ENSO influence. Alexandersson's Standard Normal Homogeneity Test was applied to verify possible structural breaks. Wavelets were used to rate the periodicity of precipitation anomalies into three phases. Anomalies that occurred in El Niño and La Niña phases were classified in contingency tables as weak, average, and strong to evaluate the qualitative behavior of these precipitation anomalies. It was found that precipitation anomalies presented a structural break in 1955 when the tendency to positive anomalies increased. From 1955, precipitation anomalies increased at least 0.5 standard deviation while the frequency of these anomalies decreased from 85 to 60 months. Peaks of positive anomalies in El Niño were higher than 200 mm. In neutral cases, anomalies intensified in 0.5 standard deviation since 1970. Negative anomalies did not show specific behavior in any ENSO phase. Contingency tables indicated that La Niña events did not present any visible influence pattern. It could intensify the episodes of positive and negative precipitation anomalies in at least 0.5 (-0.5) standard deviation. Therefore, La Niña events could increase or decrease the monthly anomaly but do not show any tendency to negative anomalies. Weak El Niños tends to contribute to negative precipitation anomalies while strong cases are associated with an average increase of 2 standard deviations in positive anomalies. It was concluded that the influence of ENSO in RS is stronger in El Niño than in La Niña. Still, both may induce negative and positive anomalies, depending on the intensity of each case. Wavelet analysis revealed that cycles that did not coincide with El Niño/La Niña showed an increase (decrease) of 0.5 (-0.5) standard deviation is positive (negative) anomalies. The increase of anomalies in neutral phases indicated that other climatic variability modes and the intensity of meteorological events decreased the 25 and 43 months cycles and increased the precipitation in RS.

Abstract The geoenvironmental study through the integration of natural elements with the use and land cover is a methodological proposal for strategic planning. In this sense, the objective of this article is to perform an analysis of geoenvironmental susceptibility from the use of multicriteria in the watershed of Ribeirão Lajeado. For this, the organization of cartographic materials was carried out, such as the drainage network, slope, lithology, soils, land use and cover and access routes, where normalized weights were established from the technique of the Hierarchical Analytical Process (AHP). This crossing generated the geoenvironmental susceptibility map, defined in four units, namely: I) low (flat top area with vegetation cover and no proximity to the access roads); II) medium (places with some human occupations or with wavy smooth relief); III) high (areas with wide occurrence of roads and abundant drainage network, susceptible to anthropic intervention, mainly related to agricultural activities and urban areas) and IV) very high (places with roads and portions of agricultural use with slopes greater than 15%, presence of fire scars and urban areas. Thus, the AHP technique presents itself as an important tool for geoenvironmental, especially in defining weights for the factors analyzed.

Resumo O estudo geoambiental através da integração dos elementos naturais com o uso e a cobertura da terra é uma proposta metodológica para o planejamento estratégico. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma análise da susceptibilidade geoambiental, a partir do uso de análise multicritério, na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Lajeado. Para isso, realizou-se a organização de materiais cartográficos: rede de drenagem, a declividade, a litologia, os solos, o uso e a cobertura da terra e as vias de acesso. Foram estabelecidos pesos normalizados a partir da técnica do processo analítico hierárquico (AHP). Esse cruzamento gerou o mapa de susceptibilidade geoambiental, definida em quatro unidades, a saber: I) baixa (área de topo plano com cobertura vegetal e nenhuma proximidade com as vias acessos); II) média (locais com algumas ocupações humanas ou com relevo suave ondulado); III) alta (áreas onde apresentam ampla ocorrência de estradas e rede de drenagem abundante, susceptíveis à intervenção antrópica, relacionadas principalmente as atividades agropecuária e áreas urbanas) e IV) muito alta (locais com estradas e porções de uso agropecuário com declividades maiores que 15%, presença de cicatrizes de fogo e áreas urbanas. Assim, a técnica AHP apresenta-se como uma importante ferramenta para o geoambiental, principalmente na definição de pesos para os fatores analisados.

Abstract In effectively confronting the Covid-19 pandemic, it is necessary to complement the contributions of Biomedical Sciences to those offered by the Human Sciences. The theoretical foundations derived from the treatment of the interaction of the infectious agent with the host, primates in formatting the guidelines adopted by the World Health Organization, faced strong opposition from government officials in countries such as Brazil, giving rise to critical pronouncements by researchers in the biomedical sciences in space offered by important scientific journals. Despite being fruitful and strategic in nature, we feel encouraged to consider the objective limits of such investiture, a direct reflection of the lack of dialogue with the Human Sciences, in the field of politics and, mainly, of urbanism. Taking as a starting point the unfolding of the phenomenon in Brazil, specifically in the metropolis of Fortaleza-Ceará, we will show how the "denial" posture is inserted in a broader context, encompassing both a representative political framework of a federative government and including postures of insurgency of the Local Governments (of the federative states) in relation to the Central Government as social and economic aspects that characterize a westernized country to establish impactful filtering genre in the implementation of policies of ordering and control of the singular space. In these terms, the drastic expansion of Covid-19 in Brazil denotes a paradoxical picture to represent: a political context of resistance by Local Governments to minimize the controversial actions and attitudes of the Central Government, specifically the creation of the Forum of Governors in the Northeast to guarantee incorporation WHO international guidelines; a trajectory of unequal and perverse modernization that corroborates the indication of a high number of cases and, mainly, deaths in precarious urbanization areas of cities such as Fortaleza, establishing the periphery as the territory of death, registered in areas with a high social vulnerability index of negatively impact the effective implementation of the social isolation policy.

Abstract The Araguaia Plain has extensive areas of savannah scattered forest fragments similar to circular depressions. These features, in addition to serving as corridors, could be associated with important features such as karsts, closed-water connection structures and ecological-type formations. To identify this relationship and contribute to the understanding of its genesis, this study has as its main objective the morphometric analysis of doliniform functions in the Araguaia Plain. Through the geoenvironmental characterization of the study area; digital facility models – SRTM; interpretation of Sentinel 2-A satellite images from 2019 to 2020; and calculation of morphometric variables: area, perimeters, activity, altitude, length and density, Kernel circularity index. A total of 24,023 doliniform features associated with green/healthy vegetation were identified in a Coverage Area of 114,900 km2, Concentrated Majoritariate in the Brazilian municipalities of Lagoa da Confusão -Tocantins; Pium-Tocantins and Cocalinho-Mato Grosso. The features showed circular superiority areas up to 10 km2, circular activity indexes at 0.5 and up to 1 and 1.5, indicating a predominance of circular shapes on slopes of 3% in the NE orientation. Based on the results, it can be verified that these features present sinkholes, as they may be under the influence of patterns associated with some processes, denoting in some processes the existence of a covered karst

Resumo A Planície do Araguaia apresenta extensas áreas de savanas com dispersos fragmentos florestais localizados sobre depressões circulares. Estas feições além de servirem como importantes corredores ecológicos, poderiam estar associadas a formações cársticas do tipo dolinas, estruturas fechadas de conexão das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Para identificar esta relação e contribuir o entendimento da sua gênese, este estudo tem como objetivo principal o mapeamento e análise morfométrica de feições doliniformes na Planície do Araguaia. Por meio da caracterização geoambiental da área de estudo; modelos de elevação digital – SRTM; interpretação de imagens do satélite Sentinel 2-A do período de 2019 a 2020; e cálculo das variáveis morfométricas: área, perímetro, declividade, altitude, coeficiente de alongamento, índice de circularidade e densidade de Kernel. Foram identificadas 24.023 feições doliniformes associadas à vegetação verde/sadia em área de abrangência de 114.900 km2, concentradas majoritariamente nos municípios de Lagoa da Confusão – TO, Pium – TO e Cocalinho – MT. As feições apresentaram áreas de até 10 km2, índices de circularidade superiores a 0,5 e coeficientes de alongamento entre 1 e 1,5, indicando uma predominância de formas circulares em declividades de até 3% na orientação NE. Com base nos resultados, pode-se inferir que estas feições apresentam formas de dolinas, as quais podem estar sob influência de controles estruturais e associadas a processos cársticos, denotando em alguns lugares a existência de um carste encoberto.

Abstract The main objective of this research is to analyze and relate lineament patterns to the occurrence of mass movements in the municipality of Vitória (Espírito Santo, Brazil). The methodology used consists of cabinet and field analyses. In a cabinet, Lineament Maps were made from the manual extraction technique, using ArcGIS 10.5 tools, on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with different artificial lighting (scale 1:110000) and Digital Orthophotos (scale 1:25000) and orientation rosettes generated. In the field, the geological structures were identified and analyzed from the lineaments identified in the cabinet, and their orientations were measured (Brunton compass). These data were integrated and analyzed from the Municipal Civil Defense mass movements records, referring to the period between 2006 and 2020. It was possible to verify the orientation patterns of dominant geological structures in the area (NNW-SSE and NW-SE, followed by NE-SW), including all measured fractures. At the regional scale, more mass movements occurred near NNW-SSE, NW-SE, and NE-SW orientation lineaments. At the local scale, these processes occurred more frequently in the vicinity of NNW-SSE, NNE-SSW, and NE-SW orientation lineaments. Data analysis demonstrates the important relationship between lineaments and occurrences of mass movements with regional geological structures and neotectonic events of the Espírito Santo in altered rocks of the Precambrian basement and Cenozoic deposits. The data revealed an association between the density of geological structures and the occurrence of mass movements since the increase in density is directly proportional to these processes, except for the Very High -density class, which presented little area representation.

Resumo Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar e relacionar os padrões de lineamentos com a ocorrência de movimentos de massa no município de Vitória (Espírito Santo, Brasil). A metodologia utilizada se constitui em análises de gabinente e de campo. Em gabinente, foram confeccionados Mapas de lineamentos a partir da técnica de extração manual, utilizando ferramentas do ArcGIS 10.5, sobre um Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE) com diferentes iluminações artificiais (escala 1:110000) e Ortofotos Digitais (escala 1:25000) e geradas rosetas de orientação. Em campo, as estruturas geológicas foram identificadas e analisadas a partir dos lineamentos identificados em gabinete e suas orientações foram medidas (bússola brunton). Estes dados foram integrados e analisados a partir dos registros de movimentos de massa da Defesa Civil Municipal, referentes ao período entre 2006 e 2020. Foi possível verificar os padrões de orientação de estruturas geológicas dominantes na área (NNW-SSE e NW-SE, seguidos por NE-SW), contemplando todas as fraturas medidas. Na escala regional, ocorreram mais movimentos de massa nas proximidades de lineamentos de orientações NNW-SSE, NW-SE e NE-SW. Na escala local esses processos ocorreram com mais frequência nas proximidades de lineamentos de orientações NNW-SSE, NNE-SSW e NE-SW. A análise dos dados demonstra a importante relação entre os lineamentos e as ocorrências de movimentos de massa com as estruturas geológicas regionais e os eventos neotectônicos do estado do Espírito Santo, nas rochas alteradas do embasamento pré-cambriano e nos depósitos cenozoicos. Os dados revelaram a associação entre a densidade de estruturas geológicas e a ocorrência dos movimentos de massa, uma vez que o aumento da densidade é diretamente proporcional ao de ocorrência destes processos, com exceção da classe de densidade Muito Alta, que apresentou pouca representação espacial.

Abstract The região extremo sul da Bahia (RESB - Extreme Southern Region of Bahia) has agricultural aptitude for several crops and has already been subjected to the expansion of sugarcane and coffee. Thus, this work analyzes the spatial and temporal dynamics of sugarcane and coffee monocultures in the RESB and their relationship with socioeconomic indices. The methodology consists of collection and analysis of data from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), which is the main provider of geographic information and statistics in Brazil, the Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB), which is responsible for providing technical information to support decision-making regarding the elaboration of policies aimed at agriculture and the Atlas Brasil platform. Data were collected regarding the planted area and the amount of sugarcane and coffee produced in the region between 1988 and 2019. To understand the relationship between expansion and socioeconomic factors, data related to gross domestic product (GDP) and municipal human development index (MHDI) were collected. This study identified the main sugarcane-producing municipalities (Caravelas, Mucuri, Medeiros Neto, Nova Viçosa, Lajedão, Ibirapuã and Santa Cruz Cabrália) and coffee (Prado, Itamaraju, Porto Seguro, Eunapolis, Teixeira de Freitas and Itabela). The expansion of these crops presents economic importance for the region, but presents a little contribution to the improvement of the various factors that make up the MHDI of the municipalities. This study concluded that the expansion of these crops changed the agricultural matrix of the region due to its specialization in the production of these crops to the detriment of others such as cocoa, for example.

Resumo A Região Extremo Sul da Bahia (RESB) possui aptidão agrícola para diversas culturas e já foi sujeita à expansão da cana-de-açúcar e do café. Assim, esse trabalho analisa a dinâmica espacial e temporal das monoculturas da cana-de-açúcar e do café na RESB e sua relação com índices socioeconômicos. A metodologia consiste em coleta e análise dos dados junto ao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), que é o principal provedor de informações geográficas e estatísticas do Brasil, a Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB), que é responsável por fornecer informações técnicas para apoiar a tomada de decisão sobre a elaboração de políticas voltadas para a agricultura, e a Plataforma Atlas Brasil. Foram coletados dados sobre a área plantada e a quantidade produzida de cana-de-açúcar e de café na região entre os anos 1988 e 2019. Para compreender a relação entre a expansão e os fatores socioeconômicos, foram levantados dados referentes ao Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM). Este trabalho identificou os principais municípios produtores de cana-de-açúcar (Caravelas, Mucuri, Medeiros Neto, Nova Viçosa, Lajedão, Ibirapuã e Santa Cruz Cabrália) e de café (Prado, Itamaraju, Porto Seguro, Eunápolis, Teixeira de Freitas e Itabela), e a expansão desses cultivos apresenta importância econômica para a região, porém apresenta pouca contribuição para a melhoria dos diversos fatores que compõem o IDHM dos municípios. Esse estudo concluiu que a expansão desses cultivos alterou a matriz agrícola da região devido a sua especialização na produção desses cultivos em detrimento de outros como o cacau, por exemplo.

Abstract The present research aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of using image segmentation for better drainage extraction, automated drainage network hierarchization and main channel definition based on Horton (1945). The test area for the applications was the Bandeirinha Stream Hydrographic Basin (BSHB), which is located in the municipality of Formosa, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The study used the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), with a spatial resolution of 1" x 1" (one arc second). The SRTM segmentation was performed using the Python language ODR_Obia algorithm, inserted with a QGIS plugin. Through the QGIS platform, the ODR_Hidro plugin was used to perform the delimitation of the BSHB, the extraction of the drainages and the definition of the main channel. The results were validated in the field and evaluated from the manual definition of the main channel. That was done using both the data produced by the application and the drainage data contained in the vector base of the topographic maps of the Army of Geographic Service (AGS), at the scale of 1:100,000 and 1:25,000. From the results obtained, it can be inferred that the ODR_Hidro model used for the delimitation of the BSHB, the automated hierarchization of the drainages and the definition of the main channel from the segmented SRTM image is very efficient. The field validation demonstrated its effectiveness by proving the existence of first-order drainages which are not mapped on the DSG chart at a scale of 1:100.000. This leads to the conclusion that the use of the proposed tools and the inclusion of image segmentation, aiming for the extraction of drainage network and geomorphometric characterization of watersheds, can efficiently contribute to the provision of morphometric data.